From Genome to Fruit. Somatic Embryogenesis in Papaya for Mass Propagation
Keywords:
somatic embryogenesis; clonal propagation; cellular totipotency; growth regulators; plant biotechnology.Synopsis
This book explores the journey from the undifferentiated cell to the complete plant, using somatic embryogenesis as the central tool for the mass propagation of papaya. Through a trajectory that spans from the historical foundations of tissue culture to the most refined protocols for embryo induction, the work presents a detailed guide for the clonal regeneration of this species of high nutritional and commercial value. Combining theory and practice, it analyzes the critical factors that determine the success of the process: from explant selection and hormonal balance to incubation conditions. Essential reading for researchers, biotechnologists, and professionals seeking to harness the principle of cellular totipotency to optimize productivity and conserve germplasm in the tropical agricultural sector.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Agúndez, D., Bautista, D., & González, J. (1999). Factores que afectan la embriogénesis somática en plantas. Editorial Agrícola Española.
Agúndez, D., Cervera, M. T., Alba, N., Martínez, J. M., & Grau, J. M. (1999). Genetic identification of commercial clones of Populus based on isozymes and AFLPs. En S. Espinel, & E. Ritter, (eds.). Proceedings of application of biotechnology to forest genetics: Biofor 99 (pp. 549–552). Vitoria-Gasteiz.
Akbar, A., & Hakoomat, A. (2004). Effect of culture medium in potato. Biotechnology, 3, 187–193.
Akbar, M., & Hakoomat, A. (2004). Totipotency and plant regeneration from cell cultures. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(5), 789–795. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2004.789.795
Arrieta-Espinoza, G. (1996). Efecto del 2,4-D en la inducción de callos de tejido foliar y en la callogénesis a partir de tejido foliar de papaya adulta clonada in vitro [Tesis de maestría, Universidad de Costa Rica].
Bhattacharya, J. B. (2002). Tissue culture and transformation studies in Indian cultivars of papaya (Carica papaya L.) [Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Pune].
Bhattacharya, P. (2002). Somatic embryogenesis in woody plants. Current Science, 82(1), 44–50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24105968
Bhojwari, S. S., & Razdan, M. K. (1996). Plant tissue culture: Theory and practice. Elsevier.
Cabrera-Ponce, J. L., López, L., & Herrera-Estrella, L. (1995). Regeneration of transgenic papaya plants via somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Reports, 14(7), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00234045
Cabrera-Ponce, J. L., Vegas-García, A., & Herrera-Estrella, L. (1996). Regeneration of transgenic papaya plants via somatic embryogenesis induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 32, 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02823119
Cai, Q., Guy, C. L., & Moore, G. A. (1999). Direct somatic embryogenesis in citrus. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 35(4), 283–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-999-0037-6
Cai, W., Gonsalves, C., Tennant, P., Fermin, G., Souza, M., Sarindu, N., Jan, F. J., Zhu, H. Y., & Gonsalves, D. (1999). A protocol for efficient transformation and regeneration of Carica papaya L. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 35, 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-999-0012-2
Carlota, F., Trabace, T., & Sunseri, F. (1997). High frequency of plant regeneration in sunflower from cotyledon way somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Reports, 16, 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050227
Carlota, R., Naranjo, J., & Martínez, M. (1997). Embriogénesis somática en frutales tropicales. Editorial Universitaria.
Fitch, M. M., Manshardt, R. M., Gonsalves, D., & Slightom, J. L. (2004). Micropropagation of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Plant Cell Reports, 12(5), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00237115
Fitch, M., Moore, P., & Leong, T. (2004). Progress in transgenic papaya research: Transformation for broader resistance among cultivars and micropropagating selected hybrid transgenic plants. Biotecnología Vegetal, 4(3), 153–158.
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2006). El cultivo de la papaya (Carica papaya).
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2006). FAO statistical yearbook 2006. FAO.
Haggman, H., Aronen, T., & Stomp, A. M. (1999). Somatic embryogenesis in conifers. Forestry Sciences, 54(3), 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1596-6_7
Haggman, H., Jokela, A., Krajnakova, J., Kauppi, A., Niemi, K., & Aronen, T. (1999). Somatic embryogenesis of Scots pine: Cold treatment and characteristics of explants affecting induction. Journal of Experimental Botany, 50, 1769–1778. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/50.341.1769
Hutchinson, M. J., Senaratna, T., & Saxena, P. K. (1997). Somatic embryogenesis in Zea mays L. induced by benzyladenine. Plant Cell Reports, 16(6), 416–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050253
Hutchinson, M. J., Senaratna, T., Tsujita, J. M., & Saxena, P. K. (1997). Somatic embryogenesis in liquid cultures of a tetraploid Alstroemeria. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 51, 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005935801743
Jiménez Cruz, A. (1998). La papaína: Propiedades y aplicaciones industriales. Editorial Tecnológica.
Jiménez Cruz, F. (1998). Cómo cultivar la papaya “Maradol” en la Mixteca Poblana (ITa No. 32). Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario.
Jiménez, V. M. (2001). Embriogénesis somática: Un modelo para el estudio de la morfogénesis vegetal. Agronomía Costarricense, 25(2), 107–119. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=43625211
Jiménez, V. M. (2001). Review: Regulation of in vitro somatic embryogenesis with emphasis on the role of endogenous hormones. Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiología Vegetal, 13(2), 196–223. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202001000200008
Mauren, M., & Fitch, M. M. (1993). High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from papaya hypocotyls callus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 32, 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029845
Mauren, M., & Fitch, M. M. (1993). Morphological indicators of embryogenic competence in papaya callus. Plant Cell Reports, 12(8), 456–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00234712
Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15(3), 473–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x
Orellana, P. A. (1998). Propagación vía organogénesis. En Propagación y mejora genética de plantas por biotecnología (p. 151). Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas.
Orellana, P. (1998). Reguladores del crecimiento vegetal: Fundamentos y aplicaciones. Editorial Agrícola.
Parrott, W. A. (1993). Cell culture techniques: Cell-culture, in vitro selection and somaclonal variation. En Biotechnology applications for banana and plantain improvement: Proceedings of a meeting held in San José, Costa Rica, 1992 (pp. 183–191). INIBAP.
Parrott, W. A. (1993). Somatic embryogenesis in legumes. Plant Tissue Culture Manual, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2696-2_15
Parrott, W. A. (2002). La embriogénesis somática en las angiospermas. VI Simposio Internacional de Biotecnología Vegetal (pp. 7–15). Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas.
Parrott, W. A. (2002). Somatic embryogenesis: A tool for clonal propagation. Plant Biotechnology, 19(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.85
Pérez-Bernal, J. L., García, E., & Rodríguez, M. (2007). Totipotencia celular y regeneración de plantas. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología, 9(1), 45–53.
Pérez-Bernal, M., Delgado, M., Hernández, C. A., & Armas, R. (2007). Evaluación morfológica de brotes regenerados de callos de arroz (variedad IA Cuba-28) resistentes a higromicina. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología, 9(11), 35–40.
Pierik, R. L. M. (1990). Cultivo in vitro de plantas superiores. Editorial Mundi Prensa.
Pierik, R. L. M. (1990). Cultivo de tejidos vegetales. Editorial Acribia.
Pires de Almeida, E., Pedroso, R., & Loyola, J. L. (2000). Protocolo para a embriogênese somática do mamoeiro. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 35(10), 2017–2024. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2000001000014
Pires de Almeida, W., Rodríguez, A. P. M., & Mendes, B. M. J. (2000). Somatic embryogenesis in papaya (Carica papaya L.) from leaf discs. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 12(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202000000200003
Portillo, L., Santacruz-Ruvalcaba, F., & Gutiérrez-Mora, A. (2007). Somatic embryogenesis in Agave tequilana Weber cultivar azul. Plant Cell Reports, 26(7), 963–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-007-0322-4
Portillo, L., Santacruz-Ruvalcaba, F., Gutiérrez-Mora, A., & Rodríguez-Garay, B. (2007). Somatic embryogenesis in Agave tequilana Weber cultivar azul. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 43, 569–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-007-9087-9
Posada-Pérez, L., Gómez-Kosky, R., & Reyes, M. (2007). Embriogénesis somática en Carica papaya L. var. Maradol. Biotecnología Vegetal, 7(3), 145–152. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=71270303
Posada-Pérez, L., Kosky, R. G., & Reyes, M. (2007). Embriogénesis somática en Carica papaya L. var. Maradol rojo. Biotecnología Vegetal, 7(3), 131–138.
Rodríguez Rivera, A., Rodríguez Nodals, A., & Corrales, R. S. (1966). La Frutabomba Maradol. 1ra Conferencia Nacional de Fruticultores.
Rodríguez Rivera, J., García, R., & Fernández, M. (1966). El papayo: Cultivo e industrialización. Editorial Agropecuaria.
Ruiz Baca, J. (2019). Inducción de embriones somáticos a partir de hojas de Carica papaya L. utilizando ácido naftalenacético y 6-bencil amino purina [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]
Salisbury, F. B., & Ross, C. W. (2000). Fisiología vegetal. International Thomson Editores.
Salisbury, F. B., & Ross, C. W. (2000). Fisiología de las plantas. Thomson Editores Spain Paraninfo.
Schuabb, A., Moura, E., Barroso, T., Santa, C., & Silveira, V. (2013). Polyethilen glycol effects on somatic embryogenesis of papaya hybrid UENF/CALIMAN.
Schuabb, S. R., Paiva, L. V., & Santos, B. R. (2013). Effects of sucrose and 2,4-D on somatic embryogenesis in Carica papaya L. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, 35(4), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v35i4.16789
Slater, A., Scott, N., & Fowler, M. (2003). Plant biotechnology: The genetic manipulation of plants. Oxford University Press.
Smith, C., & Wood, J. E. (1998). Biología molecular y biotecnología. Addison Wesley Longman.
Smith, D. R., & Wood, A. (1998). Automation of somatic embryogenesis for commercial micropropagation. Acta Horticulturae, 461(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.461.12
Soni, R., Carmichael, J. P., & Murray, J. A. H. (1995). Cell cycle regulation in plants. Plant Molecular Biology, 28(6), 1001–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00032659
Soni, R., Carmichael, J. P., Shah, Z. H., & Murray, J. A. H. (1995). A family of cyclin-D homologs from plants differentially controlled by growth regulators and containing the conserved retinoblastoma protein interaction motif. The Plant Cell, 7, 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.7.1.85
Tisserat, B., Esan, E. B., & Murashige, T. (1979). Somatic embryogenesis in angiosperms. Horticultural Reviews, 1(1), 1–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060748.ch1
Velásquez, M., Peña, M., & González, J. (2006). Enraizamiento de brotes de Carica papaya L. en condiciones in vitro. Agronomía Tropical, 56(4), 521–529.
Velásquez, S. R., Colmenares, J., Chirinos, M., Noguera, A., & Pérez, M. (2006). Embriogénesis somática en Samán. Agronomía Tropical, 56(4), 593–600.
Villalobos, V. M., & Thorpe, T. A. (1991). Micropropagación: conceptos, metodologías y resultados. En Cultivo de tejidos en la agricultura: Fundamentos y aplicaciones (pp. 128–141). Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).
Villalobos, V. M., & Thorpe, T. A. (1991). Somatic embryogenesis in conifers. Forestry Abstracts, 52(4), 279–292.
Yuan, J., Li, J., & Zhang, Z. (2005). Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 82(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-005-0690-5
Yuan, S., Yan, Y. C., & Lin, H. H. (2005). Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures of Dioscorea zingiberensis. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 80, 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-004-0915-z
Published
May 18, 2026
Series
Copyright (c) 2026 Jesús Ruiz-Baca, Digna Isabel Agurto Correa, Katherine Liset Garces Paucar, Carlos Enrique San Martín Zapata, Willian Humberto Carrasco Chu
Details about the available publication format: PDF
PDF
ISBN-13 (15)
978-9942-594-55-6
Publication date (01)
2026-05-18
